點(diǎn)蝕又稱小孔腐蝕,是一種腐蝕集中在金屬表面很小范圍內(nèi)并深入到金屬內(nèi)部甚至穿孔的孔蝕形態(tài)。具有自鈍化特性的金屬,如不銹鋼、鋁和鋁合金等在含氯離子的介質(zhì)中,經(jīng)常發(fā)生點(diǎn)蝕。在許多含氯離子的介質(zhì)中碳鋼亦會(huì)出現(xiàn)點(diǎn)蝕現(xiàn)象。小孔腐蝕的蝕孔直徑一般只有數(shù)十微米,但深度等于或遠(yuǎn)大于孔徑??卓诙鄶?shù)有腐蝕產(chǎn)物覆蓋,少數(shù)呈開(kāi)放式(無(wú)腐蝕產(chǎn)物覆蓋)。蝕孔通常沿著重力方向發(fā)展,一塊平放在介質(zhì)中的金屬,蝕孔多在朝上的表面出現(xiàn),很少在朝下的表面出現(xiàn)。
總體概況
點(diǎn)蝕是一種典型的局部腐蝕形態(tài),具有較大的隱蔽性和破壞性。點(diǎn)蝕的發(fā)生和分布具有隨機(jī)性,給評(píng)定點(diǎn)蝕敏感性的試驗(yàn)帶來(lái)很大困難。點(diǎn)蝕研究具有重大的理論和應(yīng)用價(jià)值。從應(yīng)用角度出發(fā),點(diǎn)蝕研究的目的有:評(píng)定材料發(fā)生點(diǎn)蝕的傾向;判斷已發(fā)生點(diǎn)蝕的設(shè)備的剩余使用壽命;了解各種因素對(duì)發(fā)生點(diǎn)蝕的影響;發(fā)展新的耐點(diǎn)蝕材料;尋求防止點(diǎn)蝕的途經(jīng)。從理論角度講,點(diǎn)蝕研究的目的在于搞清點(diǎn)蝕發(fā)生和發(fā)展的機(jī)制。點(diǎn)蝕敏感性的試驗(yàn)評(píng)定方法可分為化學(xué)浸泡、電化學(xué)測(cè)試和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)三類。
點(diǎn)蝕相關(guān)技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)名稱:Standard Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting Corrosion
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編號(hào):ASTM G46–94
實(shí)施日期: 2005-05-01
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)概述:This guide covers the selection of procedures that can be used in the identi?cation and examination of pits and in the evaluation of pitting corrosion to determine the extent of its effect.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)名稱:Standard Test Method for Electrochemical Critical Pitting Temperature Testing of Stainless Steels
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編號(hào):ASTM G150–99
實(shí)施日期: 1999-01-10
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)概述:This test method covers a procedure for the evaluation of the resistance of stainless steel and related alloys to pitting corrosion based on the concept of the determination of a potential independent critical pitting temperature (CPT)。This test methods applies to wrought and cast products including but not restricted to plate, sheet, tubing, bar, forgings, and welds.The standard parameters recommended in this test method are suitable for characterizing the CPT of austenitic stainless steels and other related alloys with a corrosion resistance ranging from that corresponding to solution annealed UNS S31600 (Type 316 stainless steel) to solution annealed UNS S31254 (6 % Mo stainless steel)。
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)名稱:不銹鋼三氯化鐵點(diǎn)腐蝕試驗(yàn)方法
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編號(hào):GB/T 17897-1999
發(fā)布日期:1999-01-01
實(shí)施日期: 2000-08-01
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)概述:本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定了不銹鋼三氯化鐵點(diǎn)腐蝕試驗(yàn)方法的試樣的制備、試驗(yàn)溶液、試驗(yàn)儀器和設(shè)備、試驗(yàn)條件和步驟、試驗(yàn)結(jié)果和試驗(yàn)報(bào)告。本標(biāo)準(zhǔn)適用于評(píng)價(jià)不銹鋼在6%三氯化鐵溶液中的耐點(diǎn)蝕性能。注:本試驗(yàn)方法所用的試驗(yàn)溶液,氧化性強(qiáng),酸性強(qiáng),氯離子含量較高,因此腐蝕性強(qiáng)。當(dāng)材料在試驗(yàn)溶液中發(fā)生金屬間化合物的溶解或有析出物時(shí),往往會(huì)加速腐蝕。特別是合金素鈦往往會(huì)加劇腐蝕。因此,用本試驗(yàn)方法來(lái)比較不同材料的耐點(diǎn)蝕性能,或者把實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)與實(shí)際環(huán)境進(jìn)行比較時(shí),要注意本試驗(yàn)溶液的特性。
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)名稱:Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)編號(hào):ASTM G48–03
實(shí)施日期: 2009-03-01
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)概述:These test methods cover procedures for the determination of the resistance of stainless steels and related alloys to pitting and crevice corrosion whenexposed to oxidizing chloride environments. Six procedures are described and identi?ed as Methods A,B,C,D,E,and F.
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標(biāo)簽: 點(diǎn)腐蝕, 電化學(xué), 材料腐蝕平臺(tái), 化學(xué)浸泡, 腐蝕評(píng)價(jià), 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)試驗(yàn)

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