時隔多年，《Science》再次發布“125個全世界最受關注的科學問題”
2023-01-06 11:10:17
作者：材料基 來源：材料基
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“我們可以生活在一個去化石燃料的世界中嗎？”“意識存在于何處？”“為什么時間似乎只朝一個方向流動？”……上海交通大學攜手《科學》雜志共同發布了125個全世界最受關注的科學問題。新版125個科學問題中，個別問題是持續關注上版問題中至今尚未解決的重大科學難題，如“宇宙是由什么構成的”“我們可以阻止自己衰老嗎”。也有具有挑戰性的全球共性問題，如“我們可以阻止全球氣候變化嗎”“能量存儲的未來是怎樣的”“我們有可能在另一個星球上長期居住嗎”；還有具有較強時代特征的前沿科技問題，如“為什么生命需要手性”“量子人工智能可以模仿人腦嗎”“DNA可以廣泛用作信息存儲介質嗎”“我們如何在火星上開發制造系統”……1. What makes prime numbers so special?2. Will the Navier–Stokes problem ever be solved?3. Is the Riemann hypothesis true?1. Are there more color pigments to discover?2. Will the periodic table ever be complete?3. How can we measure interface phenomena on the microscopic level?4. What is the future for energy storage？5. Why does life require chirality?6. How can we better manage the world's plastic waste?7. Will AI redefine the future of chemistry?8. How can matter be programmed into living materials?9. What drives reproduction in living systems?1. Can we predict the next pandemic?2. Will we ever find a cure for the common cold?3. Can we design and manufacture medicines customized for individual people?4. Can a human tissue or organ be fully regenerated?5. How is immune homeostasis maintained and regulated?6. Is there a scientific basis to the Meridian System in traditional Chinese medicine?7. How will the next generation of vaccines be made?8. Can we ever overcome antibiotic resistance?9. What is the etiology of autism?10. What role does our microbiome play in health and disease?11. Can xenotransplantation solve the shortage of donor organs?1. What could help conservation of the oceans?2. Can we stop ourselves from aging?3. Why can only some cells become other cells?4. Why are some genomes so big and others very small?5. Will it be possible to cure all cancers?6. What genes make us uniquely human?7. How do migratory animals know where they're going?8. How many species are there on Earth?9. How do organisms evolve?10. Why did dinosaurs grow to be so big?11. Did ancient humans interbreed with other human-like ancestors?12. Why do humans get so attached to dogs and cats?13. Will the world's population keep growing indefinitely?14. Why do we stop growing?15. Is de-extinction possible?16. Can humans hibernate? 17. Where do human emotions originate?18. Will humans look physically different in the future?19. Why were there species explosions and mass extinction?20. How might genome editing be used to cure disease?21. Can a cell be artificially synthesized?22. How are biomolecules organized in cells to function orderly and effectively?22.細胞內的生物分子是如何組織從而有序有效發揮作用的？1. How many dimensions are there in space?2. What is the shape of the universe?3. Where did the big bang start?4. Why don't the orbits of planets decay and cause them to crash into each other?5. When will the universe die? Will it continue to expand?6. Is it possible to live permanently on another planet?7. Why do black holes exist?8. What is the universe made of?9. Are we alone in the universe?10. What is the origin of cosmic rays?11. What is the origin of mass?12. What is the smallest scale of space-time?13. Is water necessary for all life in the universe, or just on Earth?13.水是宇宙中所有生命所必需的么，還是僅對地球生命？14. What is preventing humans from carrying out deep-space exploration?15. Is Einstein's general theory of relativity correct?16. How are pulsars formed?17. Is our Milky Way Galaxy special? 18. What is the volume, composition, and significance of the deep biosphere?19. Will humans one day have to leave the planet (or die trying)?19.人類有一天會不得不離開地球嗎（還是會在嘗試中死去）？20. Where do the heavy elements in the universe come from?21. Is it possible to understand the structure of compact stars and matter?22. What is the origin of the high-energy cosmic neutrinos?1. Is there a diffraction limit?2. What is the microscopic mechanism for high-temperature superconductivity?3. What are the limits of heat transfer in matter?4. What are the fundamental principles of collective motion?5. What are the smallest building blocks of matter?6. Will we ever travel at the speed of light?7. What is quantum uncertainty and why is it important?8. Will there ever be a "theory of everything"?9. Why does time seem to flow in only one direction?11. Can we make a real, human-size invisibility cloak?12. Are there any particles that behave oppositely to the properties or states of photons?13. Will the Bose-Einstein condensate be widely used in the future?14. Can humans make intense lasers with incoherence comparable to sunlight?15. What is the maximum speed to which we can accelerate a particle?16. Is quantum many-body entanglement more fundamental than quantum fields?17. What is the optimum hardware for quantum computers?18. Can we accurately simulate the macro- and microworld?1. Is there an upper limit to computer processing speed?2. Can AI replace a doctor?3. Can topological quantum computing be realized?4. Can DNA act as an information storage medium?Engineering & Material Science1. What is the ultimate statistical invariances of turbulence?2. How can we break the current limit of energy conversion efficiencies?3. How can we develop manufacturing systems on Mars?4. Is a future of only self-driving cars realistic?1. What are the coding principles embedded in neuronal spike trains?2. Where does consciousness lie?3. Can human memory be stored, manipulated, and transplanted digitally?5. What is addiction and how does it work?6. Why do we fall in love?7. How did speech evolve and what parts of the brain control it?7.言語如何演變形成，大腦的哪些部分對其進行控制？8. How smart are nonhuman animals?9. Why are most people right-handed?10. Can we cure neurodegenerative diseases?11. Is it possible to predict the future?12. Can we more effectively diagnose and treat complex mental disorders?1. Can we stop global climate change?2. Where do we put all the excess carbon dioxide?3. What creates the Earth's magnetic field (and why does it move)?4. Will we be able to predict catastrophic weather events (tsunami, hurricanes, earthquakes) more accurately?4.我們是否能夠更準確地預測災害性事件（海嘯、颶風、地震）？5. What happens if all the ice on the planet melts?6. Can we create an environmentally friendly replacement for plastics?7. Can we achieve a situation where essentially every material can be recycled and reused?8. Will we soon see the end of monocultures like wheat, maize, rice, and soy?8.我們會很快看到小麥、玉米、大米和大豆等單一作物的終結嗎？1. Could we live in a fossil-fuel-free world?2. What is the future of hydrogen energy?3. Will cold fusion ever be possible?1. Will injectable, disease-fighting nanobots ever be a reality?2. Will it be possible to create sentient robots?3. Is there a limit to human intelligence?4. Will artificial intelligence replace humans?5. How does group intelligence emerge?6. Can robots or AIs have human creativity?7. Can quantum artificial intelligence imitate the human brain?8. Could we integrate with computers to form a human-machine hybrid species?
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